The earth was without form and void, and darkness was over the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God was hovering over the face of the waters.

Genesis 1:2 (ESV)

This chronicles the time when our solar system and the Earth were first forming out of the solar nebula (“the earth was without form and void”). Then there are references to the dark clouds (“darkness was over the face of the deep”) covering the water that covers the earth (“the Spirit of God was hovering over the face of the waters”).  These latter references seem to pertain to another step in time after the Earth was already formed and covered with water under dark clouds. 

Very importantly, this last part of verse 1:2 also gives us the frame of reference or point of view for the rest of the description in Genesis 1. This is a key part of understanding how Genesis 1 is harmonious with current science. 

Probable Time Frame ~4.6 to 4.3 billion years ago

  • A giant molecular cloud of gas and dust in our region of the Milky Way collapsed, probably triggered by a nearby supernova. This collapse formed a rotating disk — the solar nebula — with the Sun forming at its center (~4.6 billion years ago).
  • Tiny dust grains in the nebula began sticking together through electrostatic forces, forming chondrules and then larger clumps called planetesimals (km-scale). (~4.567 billion years ago)
  • Planetesimals merged into protoplanets through collisions and gravitational accretion. Earth grew as one of these. (Within ~10–100 million years)
  • Earth reached roughly its final size. Isotope dating of ancient meteorites and Earth’s oldest rocks pin this as the Earth’s “birthdate.” (~4.54 billion years ago)
  • The giant impact hypothesis — a Mars-sized body (“Theia”) collided with proto-Earth. The debris coalesced into the Moon. (~4.51 billion years ago)
  • Earth cooled enough to form a solid crust and liquid water oceans (By ~4.4 billion years ago)
  • Earth's temperature cooled, allowing steam vapor in air to condense and form oceans on Earth. (By ~ 4.3 billion years ago)

Videos about Formation of Solar System and Initial Formation of Earth

Playlist

1 Videos
YouTube TitleDescription
Formation of the PlanetsShort video on the Nebular Hypothesis about why our Solar System formed the way that it did